1. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā waikawa dicarboxylic mō te hanganga Polyol Polyester?

Ngā Waikawa Kakara: Te Whakapai Ake i te Pakari me te Ātete Wera

Te Waikawa Isophthalic (IPA) me te Waikawa Terephthalic (PTA)

Ko ngā waikawa dicarboxylic kakara te nuinga e whakamahia ana hei whakapai ake i:

Waikawa terephthalic (PTA)he hanganga rārangi tino rite, ā, he kaha te ia o te whakatioata.

Ina tauhohe te PTA ki ngā diol mekameka-poto pērā i te ethylene glycol (EG) me te 1,4-butanediol (BDO) rānei, ka whakaatu pea te hanganga polyester hua i te whanonga tioata kaha, ka huri te polyol polyester hei ware pi, hei totoka rānei i te pāmahana rūma.

Tērā pea ka whakaitihia e tēnei:

• ✖Te rere o te tukatuka
• ✖Te pumau o te rokiroki
• ✖Te whai huatanga o te tono

Nō reira, kāore i te tino whakamahia ngā polyol polyester parakore e hangai ana ki te PTA anake i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga mahi.

Waikawa Isophthalic (IPA)he iti ake te ōrite o te hanganga ngota ngota nā te mea kei te tūranga meta ngā rōpū carboxyl e rua. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei te āhua o te tioata, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pumau o te wai.

Ko ngā polyol polyester e ahu mai ana i te IPA e whakarato ana i:

• ✔Tg Teitei
• ✔He mārama ake
• ✔Te rere pai ake

I roto i te maha o ngā whakatakotoranga ahumahi, ka whakaurua te IPA me te PTA, ngā waikawa aliphatic rānei hei whakataurite i te pakari me te ngāwari.

Ngā Waikawa Aliphatic: Te Whakanui i te Ngāwari

Waikawa Ātipiki (AA)

Ko te waikawa Adipic tētahi o ngā waikawa dicarboxylic aliphatic e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te hanga polyol polyester.

Mā tōna mekameka waro-ono ngāwari e whakarato:

• •Ngāwari o te pāmahana iti
• •He pai te ngāwari
• •Tg Whakaitihia

Ko ngā polyol polyester e ahu mai ana i te waikawa adipic he tikanga kei roto i te whānuitanga o te Tg-60°C ki te -40°C, i runga i te hanganga ngota.

Ka whai wāhi tēnei hanganga ki:

• •Te kaha kume teitei
• •He ātete pai ki te pakū
• •He mahi miihini tino pai

Waikawa Sebacic (SA)

He roa ake te mekameka waro o te waikawa sebacic i te waikawa adipic.

Ngā Painga:

• ✔Te ngāwari teitei ake
• ✔He pai ake te mahi pāmahana iti
• ✔Ngā āhuatanga hydrophobic kua whakapaitia

Heoi, nā te mea he nui ake te utu, ka whakamahia te SA i roto i ngā tono polyurethane mahi-teitei e hiahiatia ana te ātete makariri ake.

Ngā Wāhanga Waikawa Mahi: Waikawa Dimer me te Phthalic Anhydride

Waikawa Dimer

Ka whakaurua mai e te waikawa Dimer:

• •Ngā mekameka ngota ngota roa ngāwari
• •Ngā āhuatanga wai-kore
• •Te ngāwari ake
• •He pai ake te ātete ki te waikura

Heoi, mā te whakanui ake i te nui o te waikawa dimer ka whakaiti i te Tg me te pakeketanga. He mea noa tēnei mō ngā pūnaha polyurethane e hiahia ana kia ngāwari me te ātete ki te makuku.

Anhydride Phthalic (PA)

He wāhanga kakara iti te utu o te anhydride phthalic, he pai hoki te whai huatanga o te tauhohenga.

Ka taea te whakapai ake:

• ✔Te pakeketanga
• ✔Pūmau
• ✔Te whakataetae utu

Heoi, nā ngā pānga steric, he iti ake tōna tauhohenga rōpū whakamutunga ki te whakataurite ki te IPA.

Rautaki Hoahoa Waikawa Tūturu

Ko tētahi rautaki hanga polyester polyol e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko:

• •Ngā waikawa kakara: e whakarato ana i te pakari me te kaha
• •Ngā waikawa aliphatic: e whakarato ana i te ngāwari me te pakari

Me whakarerekē tonu te ōwehenga tika kia rite ki te tono ūnga.

2. Me pēhea te whiriwhiri i ngā Diol mō te hoahoa Polyester Polyol?

Etirene Glycol (EG)

Ko te Ethylene glycol te diol māmā rawa e whakamahia ana i roto i te matū polyester.

Nā te poto o te hanganga ngota, ka whakaratohia e te EG:

• •Te auau o te mekameka teitei
• •He kaha te āhua o te whakatioatatanga

Ina honoa ki te PTA, ka taea e te EG te hanga i ngā hanganga tioata rite ki te PET, ka taea ai e ēnei te whakapakeke i ngā polyol polyester i te pāmahana rūma. Nō reira, he onge ngā polyol polyester parakore e ahu mai ana i te EG.

I roto i ngā whakatakotoranga mahi, ka honoa pinepinetia te EG me:

hei whakarite i te kirikiri me te mahi tukatuka.

Ko tētahi painga nui o EG ko ōna:

• ✔Utu iti
• ✔He whānui te wātea

Mō te hanga polyester polyol i runga i ngā rauemi PET hangarua, he mea nui tonu te EG hei rauemi mata.

Diethylene Glycol (DEG)

Ka whakaurua e te DEG ngā here etera ki roto i te mekameka polyester.

Ko te hononga etera ngāwari e whakarato ana:

• •Tg o raro
• •Te matotoru kua whakaitihia
• •He pai ake te rere o te rere

E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā polyol polyester e hangai ana ki te DEG ina he mea nui te ngāwari o te tukatuka.

Heoi anō, tera pea he iti ake te ātete o ngā hononga etera ki te waikura wera mō te wā roa. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā ka honoa ngā pūnaha DEG me ngā diol pumau ake pērā i te NPG.

Neopentyl Glycol (NPG)

Kei roto i te NPG he hanganga waro quaternary me ngā rōpū methyl e rua.

Ka ārai tēnei hanganga ahurei i te nekehanga ngota ngota, ā, ka whakaratohia:

• •Tg Teitei
• •Te pumau wera tino pai
• •Te ātete pai rawa atu ki te huarere
• •Te ātete pai ake ki te waikura

Nā tōna pakari pai, e whakamahia whānuitia ana te NPG i roto i:

• •Ngā paninga PU
• •Ngā tono o waho
• •Ngā pūnaha polyurethane ātete-huarere

1,4-Pūtānediol (BDO)

Ko te 1,4-Butanediol tētahi o ngā diol tino nui e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono polyurethane elastomer me te TPU.

Ko tōna hanganga rārangi waro-whā e whakarato ana i:

• •Te auau pai o te mekameka
• •Te taunekeneke kaha i waenga i ngā ngota ngota
• •Ngā āhuatanga miihini tino pai

Ina honoa ki ngā waikawa kakara pēnei i te PTA, ka taea e te BDO te hanga i ngā wāhanga tioata tino raupapa e rite ana ki ngā hanganga PBT.

Ka whai wāhi tēnei ki:

• ✔Te kaha kume teitei ake
• ✔He pai ake te ātete ki te pakū
• ✔He pai ake te hononga ā-tinana

Heoi anō, mā te nui o te ihirangi BDO ka piki ake te ia o te whakatioata, ka huri ai ngā polyol polyester hei ware pi, hei totoka rānei i te pāmahana rūma.

Hei whakapai ake i te mahi tukatuka, ka honoa pinepinetia a BDO me:

hei whakaiti i te tioata nui rawa me te pupuri tonu i te kaha ā-ringa.

Trimethylolpropane (TMP): Te Whakauru i te Peka Whakahaere

He waipiro maha-mahi te Trimethylolpropane (TMP) kei roto ngā rōpū hydroxyl e toru. He rerekē ki ngā diols noa, ka whakauruhia e te TMP ngā hanganga peka ki roto i ngā polyols polyester.

Ka taea e te iti o te TMP te piki ake:

• •Te peka o te ngota ngota
• •Te matotoru o te hononga whakawhiti
• •Te pakeketanga o te polyurethane whakamutunga

E whakamahia whānuitia ana te TMP i te wā e hoahoa ana:

• •Ngā paninga polyurethane mahi-teitei
• •Ngā pūnaha PU pakari
• •Ngā prepolymer polyurethane peka

I te nuinga o ngā whakatakotoranga, ka āta tirotirohia te nui o te TMP nā te mea ka nui rawa te peka ka nui ake te matotoru me te whakaiti i te ngāwari o te tukatuka.

3. Me pēhea te whakarerekē i te ōwehenga waipiro-ki-waikawa i roto i te hanganga Polyol Polyester?

Te ōwehenga nui rawa o te waipiro

I roto i te hanga polyester polyol, ka whakamahia nuitia ngā wāhanga waipiro hei whakatutuki i ngā hanganga kua mutu ki te hydroxyl.

Mō ngā polyol polyester taumaha-iti iho, ka taea te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga waipiro nui ki:1.8–2.0 : 1

Mā ngā uara hydroxyl teitei ake ka nui ake ngā rōpū hydroxyl tauhohe mō te hanganga polyurethane.

Heoi anō, mā te nui rawa o te waipiro ka whakaiti i te taumaha ngota ngota, ā, ka pā kino ki:

Nō reira, me arotau te ōwehenga waipiro-ki-waikawa kia rite ki te whakamahinga polyurethane whakamutunga.

Te Hononga i waenga i te Ōwehenga Waipiro me te Uara Waikawa

I te wā e hangaia ana te polyester polyol, ka tangohia tonutia te wai e hangaia ana hei akiaki i ngā tauhohenga esterification me te condensation.

Mena kāore i te rawaka te nui o te waipiro:

• •He tiketike tonu te kukū waikawa
• •Ka puhoi haere te tauhohenga
• •Ka uaua te whakaiti i te uara waikawa whakamutunga

He mea nui te iti o te waikawa nā te mea ka pā pea ngā waikawa toenga ki ngā tauhohenga polyurethane. Ina tauhohe te polyester polyol ki ngā isocyanates, ka whai wāhi pea te makuku toenga me ngā wāhanga waikawa ki:

Mō ngā tono polyurethane maha, ko te whakahaere i te uara waikawa i raro nei:1 mg KOH/ghe whāinga kounga nui.

4. Me pēhea te whiriwhiriNgā Whakakōkīmō te hanga Polyol Polyester?

Ko te kōwhiringa i waenga i te TBT me te BTO e whakawhirinaki ana ki:

5. Te Whakahaere Tukanga Hanga Polyol Polyester

Ko ngā wāhanga matua ko:

1. Te whakapūngao
2. Te whakapūngao maha
3. Te whakarerekētanga o te uara hauwai me te uara waikawa

Hipanga 1: Wāhanga Whakapūtanga

I te wā o te whakahāngaitanga, ka utaina ngā rauemi e whai ake nei ki roto i te tauhohenga:

Ko te tikanga ka tīmata te tauhohenga i te tata ki:180°C

Ka tangohia te wai i puta mai i te esterification mā roto i:

• •Te tango hauota
• •Ngā pūnaha whakapūmau

Ka taea te aroturuki i te ahunga whakamua o te tauhohenga mā roto i:

• •Te nui o te kohi wai
• •Whakamātautau uara waikawa

Hipanga 2: Wāhanga Polycondensation

I muri i te whakaesteritanga, ka uru te pūnaha ki te wāhanga polycondensation.

Ngā āhuatanga noa:

• •Te pāmahana:200–220°C
• •Te pēhanga iti: te mahi korehau

Ka āwhina te korehau ki te tango i te toenga o te wai me te waipiro nui, ka akiaki i te tipu o ngā ngota ngota.

Heoi, mā te nui rawa o te pāmahana, te roa rānei o te wā tauhohenga ka pā mai ngā tauhohenga taha, te pikinga o te tae, me te pirau o te pūmua. Nō reira, me āta whakahaere ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga.

Hipanga 3: Mana Whakamutunga

Kāore e rite ki te whakapūhui PET, kāore e hiahiatia he whanaketanga taumaha ngota tino teitei mō te hanga polyester polyol. Ko ngā tohu kounga matua ko:

He whāinga ahumahi noa:Uara waikawa <1 mg KOH/gi mua i te tukunga.

Ko te kore o te hauhautanga tētahi o ngā tino take:

• ✖Te makuku toenga teitei
• ✖Te uara waikawa teitei ake
• ✖Mahi ngoikore o te polyurethane

6. Whakarāpopototanga Hoahoa Polyol Polyester

Tauwehenga Hoahoa	Ngā Taurangi Matua	Te Mātāpono Kōwhiringa	Awhe Noa
Te pakari o te tuara	IPA, PTA, AA, SA	Ka whakapai ake ngā waikawa kakara i te pakari; ka whakapai ake ngā waikawa aliphatic i te ngāwari	IPA/AA ≈ 7:3
Te whakatikatika Tg	EG, DEG, NPG, BDO	Ka whakanui ake te EG i te tioata; ka whakaitihia e te DEG te matotoru; ka whakapai ake te NPG i te roa; ka whakapai ake te BDO i te kaha	I runga i te tono
Te whakahaere i te taumaha ngota	Te ōwehenga waipiro-ki-waikawa	Ka hangaia e te nui o te waipiro ngā hanganga kua mutu ki te hydroxyl	Waipiro/Waikawa = 1.3
Kōwhiringa whakakorikori	TBT vs BTO	TBT mō te tauhohenga tere; BTO mō te pumau pai ake o te waikura	BTO 0.2–0.5‰
Mana peka	TMP/Kariserō	Ka whakapai ake ngā tāpiringa iti i te kiato hononga whakawhiti	TMP ≤3 mol%

7. He aha te pānga o te hoahoa Polyester Polyol ki te mahi a te Polyurethane?

Tono	Hoahoa Polyol Polyester e taunakitia ana
Ngā Piripiri PU	Ngā polyol polyester AA ngāwari mō te piri kaha me te pakari
Ngā Paninga PU	Ngā pūnaha IPA/NPG mō te pakeke me te ātete ki te huarere
Ngā Elastomers TPU	Ngā pūnaha AA + BDO mō te kaha ā-mīhini me te ātete ki te pakū
PU wai	Ngā polyol polyester ātete-waikura me ngā pūnaha whakakorikori kua arotauhia
Hiako Hanga	Ngā polyol polyester ngāwari me te ngawari whakahaere

Ngā whakaritenga tono → Ngā whāinga mahi → Kōwhiringa monomer → Hoahoa hanganga ngota → Kōwhiringa whakakorikori → Arotau tukanga